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Grade of animal testing

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  • t
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Nationwide ban on all cosmetic testing on animals Partial ban on cosmetic testing on animals1
Ban on the sale of cosmetics tested on animals No ban on any cosmetic testing on animals
Unknown

1 some methods of testing are excluded from the ban or the laws vary within the country

Cosmetic testing on animals is a type of animal testing used to test the safety and hypoallergenic properties of cosmetic products for use by humans.

Since this type of fauna testing is often harmful to the animal subjects, information technology is opposed by animal rights activists and others. Cosmetic animal testing is banned in many parts of the world, including Colombia, the European Matrimony, the United Kingdom, Bharat, Israel,[1] [two] and Norway.[3]

Cosmetics that have been produced without whatever testing on animals are sometimes known equally "cruelty-free cosmetics".[iv]

Definition [edit]

Using animal testing in the development of cosmetics may involve testing either a finished product or the individual ingredients of a finished production on animals, frequently rabbits, also as mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, Guinea pigs and other animals. Cosmetics can be defined as products applied to the body in various ways in lodge to enhance the body's advent or to cleanse the trunk. This includes all hair products, makeup, and skin products .[5]

The Us Nutrient and Drug Assistants (FDA) continues to endorse animal testing methods.[6]

Re-using existing test data obtained from previous fauna testing is generally not considered to be cosmetic testing on animals; however, the acceptability of this to opponents of testing is inversely proportional to how contempo the data is.

Methods [edit]

Methods of testing cosmetics on animals include diverse tests that are categorized differently based on which areas the cosmetics will be used for. I new ingredient in any cosmetic product used in these tests could lead to the deaths of at least ane,400 animals.[7]

Dermal penetration: Rats are mostly used in this method that analyzes chemical movement, through the penetration of the chemical into the bloodstream. Dermal penetration is a method that creates a better agreement of skin assimilation.[half dozen]

Peel sensitization: This is a method that tests for allergic reactions for unlike chemicals. In some tests, a chemical adjuvant is injected to boost the immune system, which was typically performed on republic of guinea pigs. In some tests no chemical adjuvant is injected with the exam chemical, or the chemical is applied on a shaved patch of skin. The reaction is and so recorded by the appearance of the skin afterwards.[half dozen]

Astute toxicity: This test is used to determine danger of exposure to a chemical by oral cavity, skin, or inhalation. It shows the various unsafe effects of a substance that issue from a short menstruation of exposure. Large amounts of rats and mice are injected in these Lethal Dose l (LD50) tests that proceed until half of the test subjects die. Other tests tin use a smaller corporeality of animals, but tin can cause convulsions, loss of motor function, and seizures. The animals are often then all killed later on to get together information about the internal effects of the chemicals.[six]

Draize test: This is a method of testing that may cause irritation or corrosion to the skin or heart on animals, dermal sensitization, airway sensitization, endocrine disruption, and LDfifty (which refers to the lethal dose which kills 50% of the treated animals).[6]

Skin corrosivity or irritation: This method of test assesses the potential of a substance causing irreversible impairment to the skin. It is typically performed on rabbits and involves putting chemicals on a shaved patch of pare. This determines the level of impairment to the pare that includes itching, inflammation, swelling, etc.[6]

Alternatives [edit]

In that location is a variety of alternatives that be instead of animal testing. Nowadays with new advances in technology and science, there are options that are safe for both animals and humans. Cosmetics manufacturers who do not test on animals may now use in vitro screens to test for endpoints which can determine potential gamble to humans with a very high sensitivity and specificity. Companies such as CeeTox in the The states, recently caused by Cyprotex, specialize in such testing and organizations like the Center for Alternatives to Beast Testing (CAAT), PETA and many other organizations advocate the utilise of in vitro and other non-animal tests in the development of consumer products. Using safe ingredients from a list of 5,000 which have already been tested in conjunction with modern methods of cosmetics testing, the demand for tests using animals are negated.[viii]

EpiSkin, EpiDerm, and SkinEthic are each equanimous of artificial man pare every bit an pick for culling testing. Artificial skin tin imitate the reaction actual human skin will have to a product and the chemicals it contains and can exist contradistinct to mimic different skin types and ages. For instance, using UV calorie-free on EpiSkin can cause information technology to resemble older peel and adding melanocytes will turn the pare a darker colour. This helped create a spectrum of different peel colors that are so used to compare the results of sunblock on a unlike diverseness of people.[9] To address potential bug with other parts of the human body, research companies such as NOTOX have developed a synthetic model of the man liver, which is the chief organ to detox the trunk, in order to examination harmful ingredients and chemicals to run across if the liver tin detox those elements.[x] Research companies tin also utilise body parts and organs taken from animals slaughtered for the meat industry to perform tests such as the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Examination and Isolated Chicken Eye Test.[11]

Lab-grown tissues are at present being used to test chemicals in makeup products. MatTek is ane of the companies that do this. It sells small amounts of skin cells to companies to test their products on them. Some of these companies are those that make laundry detergent, makeup, toilet basin cleaner, anti-aging creams, and tanning lotion. Without these tissues, companies would be testing their products on living animals. Lab-grown tissues are a smashing alternative to testing harmful products on animals.[12] One lab was able to grow 11 different types of tissues in a petri dish. The downfall was that the tissues were non fully functional on their own, in fact, many of these tissues only resembled tiny parts of an actual sized human organ, nearly of which were besides pocket-size to transplant into humans. The bright side is that they were a great learning experience for many of the students researching there. This technology could potentially exist swell, but it was a major downfall, 'Ministomachs that took most 9 weeks to cultivate in a petri dish formed "oval-shaped, hollow structures".[13]

Many companies have non made the switch to cruelty-free yet for many reasons, one of them beingness the fourth dimension it takes for lab-grown tissues to exist useable. Animals on the other manus, tin can mature apace. Rats, for case, have a much quicker growth charge per unit "From nativity to adult, rats take nearly three weeks to mature and begin fending for themselves. The rodents accomplish sexual maturity in nigh five weeks and begin mating soon later on to produce the next generation to beginning the rat life bicycle over once again".[ citation needed ] On elevation of the extremely curt time it takes a rat to mature, they can provide united states with a complete set of organ systems, not just a paper-thin sheet of cells. Rats tin also reproduce, and they practice so at a very fast stride "In general, rats produce about seven offspring per litter and can reach upwards to 14 at times. Typical gestation periods last just a few weeks, allowing each female person rat to produce around v litters a year".[ citation needed ]

History [edit]

The first known tests on animals were washed as early on as 300 BC. "Writings of ancient civilizations all document the apply of brute testing. These civilizations, led by men like Aristotle and Erasistratus, used live animals to test various medical procedures".[14] This testing was important because information technology led to new discoveries such equally how blood circulated and the fact that living beings needed air to survive. The idea of taking an animal and comparison information technology to how human beings survived was a completely new idea. It would non have existed (at to the lowest degree non as quickly as it did) without our ancestors studying animals and how their bodies worked.

"Proving the germ theory of disease was the crowning achievement of the French scientist Louis Pasteur. He was non the first to propose that diseases were caused by microscopic organisms, simply the view was controversial in the 19th century and opposed the accepted theory of 'spontaneous generation'".[xv] The idea of germs and other microscopic organisms was a completely new idea and would not have come to exist without the employ of animals. In 1665, scientists Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered and studied how germs worked. They published a book nigh their discovery, which was not accepted by very many people, including the science community, at showtime. After some time, scientists were able to give animals diseases from microbes and realized that microbes really did exist. From at that place they were able to use animals to understand how the disease worked, and the effects information technology could potentially have on the homo torso.

All of this has led upwards to something a bit more recent, the use of animals to test beauty products. This has go a very controversial topic in contempo years. There are various people who are extremely against the use of animals for this purpose, and for a good reason. "Typically, creature tests for cosmetics include pare and eye irritation tests where chemicals are rubbed onto the shaved pare or dripped into the eyes of rabbits; repeated oral strength-feeding studies lasting weeks or months to look for signs of general illness or specific health hazards, such as cancer or birth defects; and even widely condemned "lethal dose" tests, in which animals are forced to consume massive amounts of a exam chemical to determine the dose that causes death".[xvi] This kind of testing tin be vital in finding important data virtually products simply can be harmful to the animals information technology is tested on.

In 1937, a error was made that concluded up irresolute the pharmaceutical industry drastically. A visitor created a medicine (elixir sulfanilamide) "to treat streptococcal infections", and without any scientific research the medicine was out on shelves.[17] This medicine turned out to be extremely poisonous to people, leading to large poisoning outbreaks followed by over 100 deaths.[17] This epidemic led to a law being passed in 1938, called the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, enforcing more rigorous guidelines on corrective products.[17] After this law was passed companies looked to animals to test their products, in plough, creating the outset encounters of cosmetic animal testing.

Non-profit organizations [edit]

This "Leaping Bunny" indicates that corrective products with this logo take not been tested on animals.

  • Cruelty Free International: Cruelty Gratis International and its partners manage the certification of all the companies across the earth looking to exist cruelty free. Companies producing beauty and household products which practise not exam their products on animals for any market place can request membership of The Leaping Bunny Program, which allows that company to feature Cruelty Gratuitous International'due south Leaping Bunny logo on their products. This program sets global standard of operations and sales. Companies headquartered internationally can obtain certification from Cruelty Free International.[18] Companies headquartered in the United States and Canada tin can obtain certification from The Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC).[19] In 2013, over 500 companies were certified.[xx] Notwithstanding, some company's certifications were revoked after information technology was discovered they continued to examination on animals in Asia.[21]
  • Humane Society International: This is a global brute protection arrangement that works to help all animals—including animals in laboratories.[22] This organization promotes human being creature interaction to tackle the beingness of all cruelty that innocent animals experience.

Procedures of fauna testing [edit]

At that place is a strategy used in animal testing laboratories titled the 'Three R'south:' Reduction, refinement, and replacement' (Doke, "Alternatives to Animal Testing: A Review").

  • Replacement: This provides the opportunity to study the response of cellular models, just in other words, replacement searches for alternatives that could be done rather than testing on fauna subjects.[ commendation needed ]
  • Reduction: This approach is built upon the ideals to have a minimal number of animal subjects being tested on for current and later tests.
  • Refinement: This suggests that the planned distress and pain acquired to an creature subject to be every bit little as possible. This arroyo focuses on making a home for the animals earlier entering testing grounds in social club to elongate the life of laboratory animals. Discomfort to animals causes an imbalance in hormonal levels which create fluctuating results during testing.

Legal requirements and status [edit]

Due to the strong public backlash against cosmetic testing on animals, most cosmetic manufacturers say their products are not tested on animals. Even so, they are nonetheless required by trading standards and consumer protection laws in well-nigh countries to show their products are not toxic and not dangerous to public wellness. They also demand to evidence that the ingredients are non dangerous in large quantities, such as when in transport or in the manufacturing plant. In some countries, it is possible to meet these requirements without any further tests on animals. Other countries, may crave animal testing to meet legal requirements. The U.s.a. and Japan are frequently criticized for their insistence on stringent safety measures, which often requires fauna testing.

Some retailers distinguish themselves in the market by their opinion on animal testing.

Legal requirements in Japan [edit]

Although Japanese law does not require not-medicated cosmetics to be tested on animals, it does not prohibit it either, leaving the decision to private companies.[23] Creature testing is required when the product contains newly-adult tar colors, ultraviolet ray protective ingredients or preservatives, and when the amount of any ingredient regulated in terms of how much can be added is increased.[24]

Japanese Brands such equally Shiseido and Mandom have ended much, but not all, of their animal testing. However, well-nigh other leading cosmetics companies in Nippon still exam on animals.[23] [25] [26]

Jurisdictions with bans [edit]

Brazil, São Paulo [edit]

São Paulo in Brazil banned cosmetic animal testing in 2014.[27]

Colombia [edit]

In June 2020, the Senate of the Republic of Colombia canonical a resolution banning the commercialization and testing of cosmetics on animals.[28] In August 2020, presidential assent was granted to the resolution thus effectively banning the testing of cosmetics on animals in Colombia.[29]

European Marriage [edit]

The European Marriage (EU) followed suit, afterwards it agreed to phase in a virtually-full ban on the auction of animal-tested cosmetics throughout the EU from 2009, and to ban cosmetics-related animal testing.[thirty] Fauna testing is regulated in EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics. Imported cosmetics ingredients tested on animals were phased out for Eu consumer markets in 2013 by the ban,[30] but can notwithstanding be sold to exterior of the EU.[31] Kingdom of norway banned cosmetics animal testing the same time as the European union.[32] In May 2018 the European Parliament voted for the EU and its Member States to work towards a United nations convention against the apply of animal testing for cosmetics.[33]

European Gratis Trade Association [edit]

The residue of the EFTA, including Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Iceland also banned cosmetic testing.[34]

Republic of guatemala [edit]

In 2017, Guatemala banned cosmetic beast testing.[35]

India [edit]

In early 2014, Republic of india announced a ban on testing cosmetics on animals in the land, thereby becoming the 2nd state in Asia to do and then.[36] Later Bharat banned import of cosmetics tested on animals in November 2014.[37]

Israel [edit]

Israel banned "the import and marketing of cosmetics, toiletries or detergents that were tested on animals" in 2013.[38]

New Zealand [edit]

In 2015, New Zealand also banned animal testing.[39] However, the ban on testing cosmetics on animals was unlikely to lead to products existence stripped from shelves in New Zealand as around xc per cent of cosmetic products sold in New Zealand were made overseas.[40]

Taiwan [edit]

In 2015, Taiwan launched a nib proposing a ban on cosmetic testing on animals.[41] It passed in 2016 and went into effect in 2019.[42] [43] Shortly earlier the ban went into effect on 9 November 2019, however, it was noted that most Taiwan corrective companies already did non experiment with animals.[42]

Turkey [edit]

Turkey "banned whatever beast testing for corrective products that take already been introduced to the market."[44]

UK [edit]

Animal testing on cosmetics or their ingredients was banned in the UK in 1998.[45]

Jurisdictions where prohibitions are considered [edit]

Clan of Southeast Asian Nations [edit]

The Asean (Association of southeast asian nations) is potentially "making strides toward ending cosmetics testing on animals."[3]

Australia [edit]

In Australia, the End Cruel Cosmetics Nib was introduced to Parliament in March 2014, which would ban local testing, which generally does not happen at that place, and importation of cosmetics tested on animals.[46] In 2016 a nib was passed to ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals, which came into issue in July 2017.[47]

Brazil [edit]

Brazil's legislation will vote on a nationwide fauna testing for cosmetics ban by the end of March 2014.[2]

Canada [edit]

The animate being experimentation manufacture is largely unregulated and immune to operate in near secrecy. No ane knows exactly how many animals are used because many private-sector experimenters are unregulated and not required to disembalm the numbers of animals used, species, or the types of tests they perform. The number of private facilities conducting animal experiments in Canada is unknown.[48]

United States [edit]

In March 2014, the Humane Cosmetics Deed was introduced to the U.South. Congress. It would ban cosmetic testing on animals and eventually would ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals.[3] The nib did not accelerate.

Testing cosmetics on animals has been banned in six U.s.a. states: California, Nevada, Illinois, Virginia, Maryland, and Maine.[49]

United mexican states [edit]

On nineteen March 2020, the Mexican Senate unanimously passed legislation banning testing cosmetics on animals.[50] The proposed ban now awaits approving from the lower house of the Mexican Congress, the Mexican Sleeping accommodation of Deputies.[51]

South korea [edit]

South Korea is also potentially "making strides toward ending cosmetics testing on animals."[3]

Other statuses [edit]

China [edit]

China passed a police on 30 June 2014 to eliminate the requirement for animate being testing of cosmetics. Though domestically-produced ordinary cosmetic goods do not require testing, fauna testing is nonetheless mandated past law for Chinese-fabricated "cosmeceuticals" (cosmetic goods which make a functional claim) which are available for auction in Communist china. Cosmetics intended solely for export are exempt from the beast testing requirement.[52] Equally of March 2019, post-market testing (i.e. tests on cosmetics afterward they hitting the market) for finished imported and domestically produced cosmetic products will no longer require animal testing.[53] Chinese police force was farther amended in April 2020, fully dropping all remaining mandatory animate being testing requirements for all cosmetics - both locally produced and imported, instead creating a regulatory 'preference' for non-animal based testing methods in the rubber certification of corrective products.[54] [55]

Russia [edit]

In 2013, the Russian Ministry building of Health stated "Toxicological testing is performed by means of testing for pare allergic reaction or test on mucous tissue/centre area (with apply of lab animals) or by use of alternative full general toxicology methods (IN VITRO). In this manner the technical regulations include measures which provide an culling to animal testing".[56]

See also [edit]

  • Animal testing on invertebrates
  • Creature testing on non-human primates
  • Animal testing on rodents
  • Cosmetics
  • Veterinary ideals

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Engebretson, Monica (23 July 2013). "India Joins the Eu and Israel in Surpassing the US in Cruelty-Complimentary Cosmetics Testing Policy". HuffPost . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b Play tricks, Stacy (10 March 2014). "Animal Attraction: Federal Bill to End Cosmetics Testing on Animals Introduced in Congress" (Press release). Humane Society of the Us. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d "Cruelty Free International Applauds Congressman Jim Moran for Bill to End Cosmetics Testing on Animals in the United States" (Press release). v March 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
  4. ^ ""Cruelty Free"/"Non Tested on Animals"". US Food and Drugs Administration. September 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  5. ^ "Is It a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is It Soap?)". FDA. viii February 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Testing". American Anti-Vivisection Society . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  7. ^ Murugesan, Meera (half dozen September 2016). "Cruelty-free cosmetics". New Straits Times . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  8. ^ Bainbridge, Amy (17 March 2014). "Commonwealth of australia urged to follow EU ban on animate being testing; Greens to move bill in Senate this calendar week". ABC . Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
  9. ^ Merali, Zeeya (28 July 2007). "New Scientist". Human Pare to Replace Animal Tests. 195: xiv. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61866-1.
  10. ^ Mone, Gregory (April 2014). "New Models in Cosmetics Replacing Animal Testing". Communications of the ACM. 57 (4): twenty–21. doi:10.1145/2581925. S2CID 2037444.
  11. ^ "Alternatives to brute tests". The Humane Lodge of the United States . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  12. ^ Zhang, Sarah (xxx December 2016). "Within the Lab that Grows Human Skin to Exam Your Cosmetics". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  13. ^ Weisberger, Mindy (3 July 2017). "11 Trunk Parts Grown in the Lab". Live Science . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  14. ^ "History of Animal Testing Timeline". www.softschools.com . Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  15. ^ "The discovery of the germ theory of disease". AnimalResearch.info. 3 November 2014. Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
  16. ^ "About Cosmetics Animal Testing". Humane Society International. six March 2013. Retrieved vi June 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Scutti, Susan (27 June 2013). "Brute Testing: A Long, Unpretty History". Medical Daily . Retrieved half dozen June 2020.
  18. ^ "Brands FAQs". Cruelty Free International . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  19. ^ "Leaping Bunny Programme". Cruelty Gratuitous International . Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
  20. ^ Redding, Marie (13 March 2013). "Beauty Brands Accept Sides". Dazzler Packaging . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  21. ^ Artuso, Eloisa (24 February 2013). "Western Beauty Brands: Cruelty in Red china". Eluxe Magazine . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  22. ^ "About Us : Humane Society International". world wide web.hsi.org . Retrieved 2 Apr 2018.
  23. ^ a b "Be Cruelty-Free Entrada Backed by Global Stars, Launches in Tokyo to Terminate Cosmetics Beast Testing in Nihon (March 17, 2014)". Humane Guild International . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  24. ^ "Evolution of Cosmetics -- Toward Abolishment of Animal Testing (February 2015)". JFS: Nippon for Sustainability . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  25. ^ "Initiatives in Response to Animate being Testing and Alternative Methods". Shiseido Group . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  26. ^ "Arroyo to alternative to animal experiments". Mandom . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  27. ^ "São Paulo Bans Animal Testing". PetMD. AFP News. 24 Jan 2014.
  28. ^ "Republic of colombia ya no tendrá pruebas de cosméticos en animales". La FM. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  29. ^ "Colombia, primer país de la región que prohíbe las pruebas cosméticas en animales". El Espectador. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  30. ^ a b "Eu extends ban on animal-tested cosmetics". EuroNews. eleven March 2013.
  31. ^ Fynes-Clinton (xx March 2014), OPINION: Greens Senator Lee Rhiannon's Stop Cruel Cosmetics Bill 2014 answers the public'due south growing opposition to animals testing, Courier-Mail
  32. ^ Aryan (12 March 2013). "Kingdom of norway ban beast testing of cosmetics". The Oslo Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
  33. ^ Jacqueline Foster (3 May 2018). "Foster: "Corrective testing on animals must be banned worldwide"". Conservatives in the European Parliament.
  34. ^ Grum, Tjaša (five March 2019). "Global ban on animal testing: where are nosotros in 2019?". Cosmetics Blueprint Europe . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  35. ^ "Guatemalan Congress approves animal testing ban | Cruelty Free International". Cruelty Free International. 9 March 2017. Retrieved iii November 2019.
  36. ^ Mukherjee, Rupali (23 January 2014). "Govt bans cosmetic companies from testing on animals". The Times of India.
  37. ^ Mohan, Vishwa (14 October 2014). "Bharat bans import of cosmetics tested on animals". The Times of Republic of india . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  38. ^ "Import ban on brute-tested products goes into upshot". The Times of Israel. 1 January 2013.
  39. ^ "MPs unanimously support fauna testing ban". Radio New Zealand. 31 March 2015.
  40. ^ "Makeup tests on animals banned". NZ Herald . Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  41. ^ Grabenhofer, Rachel. "Taiwan Proposes Animate being Testing Ban for Cosmetics". Cosmetics & Toiletries . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  42. ^ a b "'Limited impact' expected from Taiwan cosmetics animal test ban". Chemical Watch . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  43. ^ "Taiwan bans cosmetics animal testing". Humane Society International. 21 October 2016. Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
  44. ^ "Animal testing for cosmetics banned in Turkey". DailySabah. 27 July 2015.
  45. ^ "Animal Research Regulations in the UK". Retrieved x September 2015.
  46. ^ Bainbridge, Amy (17 March 2014). "Commonwealth of australia urged to follow European union ban on brute testing; Greens to move nib in Senate this week". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News.
  47. ^ "Department of Wellness: Ban on the utilise of animal test data for cosmetics". Australian Government, Department of health . Retrieved twenty November 2019.
  48. ^ "Animals Used for Experimentation". Brute Justice Canada . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  49. ^ "Maine becomes sixth state to ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals". Humane Lodge of the United States. Retrieved 18 Dec 2021.
  50. ^ "Mexican Senate passes neb to outlaw corrective animal testing". Humane Lodge International. 20 March 2020. Retrieved half dozen June 2020.
  51. ^ "Beak to outlaw cosmetic animal testing in Mexico passes kickoff legislative stage". Cruelty Gratis International . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  52. ^ "Guide to: Agreement China's Animal Testing Laws". ethical elephant. 11 April 2018. Retrieved half dozen June 2020.
  53. ^ Figueiras, Sonalie (ii April 2019). "Mainland china announces terminate to post-market place animal testing for corrective products". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  54. ^ Morosini, Daniela (ten April 2019). "China Will No Longer Crave Animate being Testing On Cosmetic Products". British Vogue . Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  55. ^ "China's NMPA Approves New In Vitro Methods For Regulating Cosmetics". Institute for In Vitro Sciences . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  56. ^ "Cruelty Free International wins Russian commitment on non-animal testing". Cruelty Free International. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on xviii May 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals

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